New Record of Neobythites steatiticus Alcock, 1894 (Actinopterygii: Ophidiidae) from the Marine Waters of Iraq 
Laith A. Jawad1 
,
Mustafa A. Al-Mukhtar2 
,
Abbas J. Al-Faisal2 ,
Tariq Hammed2
,
Mustafa A. Al-Mukhtar2 ,
Abbas J. Al-Faisal2 ,
Tariq Hammed2
1. Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand
2. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Author Correspondence author
International Journal of Marine Science, 2014, Vol. 4, No. 32 doi: 10.5376/ijms.2014.04.0032
Received: 19 Feb., 2014 Accepted: 13 May, 2014 Published: 29 Jul., 2014
2. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Author Correspondence author
International Journal of Marine Science, 2014, Vol. 4, No. 32 doi: 10.5376/ijms.2014.04.0032
Received: 19 Feb., 2014 Accepted: 13 May, 2014 Published: 29 Jul., 2014
© 2014 BioPublisher Publishing Platform
This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The first record of Neobythites steatiticus in the Iraqi waters of the Arabian Gulf is reported based on a single specimen 370 mm in total length, obtained from south of Faw City Peninsula, Basrah, Iraq, Arabian Gulf. This account represents the northernmost range extension of this species in the north of the Indian Ocean region. The specimen is larger than the type specimen of the species and larger than other specimen obtained from other locations and it is considered a record size for this species.
Keywords
New record; Range extension; Ophidiidae; Basrah; Arabian Gulf
Introduction
The family Ophidiidae comprises 261 valid species, into four sub-families with Neobythitinae being the largest with 185 valid species (Eschmeyer and Fong, 2014). This species, Neobythites steatiticus, (Alcock, 1894) is present in the Indian Ocean from the Persian Gulf to the Bay of Bengal (Froese and Pauly, 2014). In spite of the several publication that appeared on the marine fish fauna of Iraq during the last few decades (Khalaf 1961; Mahdi 1971; Al-Daham 1982; Al-Hassan and Al-Badri 1986; Al-Hassan and Miller 1987; Hussain et al. 1988), the marine ichthyofauna is still far from being fully known and documented: a considerable amount of taxonomic work is waiting to be done (Jawad 2012). Low fishing sampling effort along the continental slope in the Arabian Sea and the Gulfs might be the reason for the lack of information on the deep-water fish communities in the Arabian Gulf (Nielsen, 2002).
Recently, several programs have been started to survey the Iraqi waters of the Arabian Gulf in order to study the fish biodiversity of this area and aiming to build up a list of species that present in the northwest part of the Arabian Gulf. The Neobythites steatiticus was first described by Alcock in 1894 from Bay of Bengal. Since then it has been reported from different localities within the Indian Ocean (Nielsen et al., 1999; Nielsen, 2002; Uiblein and Nielsen, 2005; Eschmeyer and Fong, 2014).
This study reports the occurrence of N. steatiticus in the Arabian Gulf coasts of Iraq. This species is rare, but it is known from the Arabian Gulf area (Nielsen, 2002; Uiblein and Nielsen, 2005) and the present record represents the first record to the Iraqi marine waters.
1 Materials and Methods
The Neobythites steatiticus specimen was caught on 4th February 2014, near the southern coast of Faw City Peninsula, Iraq, Arabian Gulf (latitude: 29˚49ˊ46.01″ N; longitude: 48˚45ˊ53.17″ E) by fishermen using 240 × 10 m drifting gill nets of 35 × 35 mm mesh size. This specimen was measured by the second author with dial callipers to the nearest 0.1 mm at the collection site right after collection. The morphometric and meristic details were recorded according to Nielsen et al. (1999). The body proportions are taken as follows: Total length (TL), from the anterior tip of the head to the posterior tip of the tail; standard length (SL), from the anterior tip of the head to the end of the vertebral column which is situated just at the base of the caudal fin; head length (HL), from the anterior tip of the head to the posterior edge of the operculum; orbital diameter (OD), the horizontal length across the orbit; predorsal length (Pre D), from the anterior tip of the head to the anterior insertion of the dorsal fin; pelvic length (Pelv L), from the anterior tip of the head to the anterior edge of the pelvic fin; and preanal length (Pre A), from the anterior tip of the head to the anterior edge of the anus. The specimen was fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, then preserved in 70% ethanol, and deposited in the ichthyological collection of the Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Iraq (Cat. No. MRSCI00012).
2 Results
The specimen of N. steatiticus with 385 mm standard length is identical to the general description of this species given by Nielsen (1995) (Table 1, Figure 1).
.gif) Figure 1 The specimen of Neobythites steatiticus (370 mm Total length) caught the Marine Waters of Iraq |
Table 1 Morphometric and meristic characters of Neobythites steatiticus collected from the Arabian Gulf coasts of Iraq (TL: Total Length; HL: Head Length; SL: Standard Length)
|
Morphometric characters
|
Present study
|
Holotype
Nielsen, 2002
|
Additional specimens from Nielsen, 2002
n = 10
|
|
Total length (mm)
|
405.0
|
-
|
-
|
|
Standard length (% in TL)
|
385.0 (95.1)
|
129
|
113-150
|
|
Head length (% in SL)
|
83.0 (21.6)
|
(28.0)
|
(25.5-31.0)
|
|
Orbit diameter (% in SL)
|
18.0 (4.7)
|
(5.1)
|
(4.8-5.9)
|
|
Predorsal length (% in SL)
|
85.5(22.2)
|
(24.5)
|
(24.5-28.0)
|
|
Pelvic length (% in SL)
|
59.0 (15.3)
|
(14.0)
|
(13.5-17.0)
|
|
Preanal length (% in SL)
|
163.0 (42.3)
|
(40.0)
|
(40.0-46.0)
|
|
Meristic characters
|
|
|
|
|
Dorsal fin rays
|
90
|
88
|
88-93
|
|
Anal fin rays
|
74
|
75
|
72-76
|
|
Pectoral fin rays
|
25
|
24
|
24-27
|
|
Pseudobranchial filaments
|
2-4
|
2/3
|
2-4
|
|
Long rakers on anterior gill arch
|
12
|
12
|
11-12
|
|
Caudal fin ray
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
It is characterised by the following set of characters: teeth are granular to needle-like with vomer tooth bended in shape; dorsal fin is distinguished with the presence of ocellus located posterior to anus; anal fin is black at the middle with white strip at both distal and proximal ends; there are 3-4 faint broad dark vertical bars indistinct on body.
The other characters include: body robust with large and heavy head. Snout bluntly pointed, equal in length to eye and extends over the mouth. Eyes are large with orbital folds. Large nostrils, the anterior is a small tube near the tipoff the snout, the posterior with large foramen. Posterior margin of preopercle without spines. Mouth is large with maxillary extending behind the posterior border of the orbit. There are 1-3 short rakers on the anterior gill arch and 2-4 long rakers on upper branch, one long raker in angle. The lower branch has 7-9 long, 6-9 short rakers and 2-4 long pseudobranchial filaments. Head, body, base of dorsal and pectoral fins covered with small scales. Ventral fin nearly reaches base to anal fin. Lateral line indistinct. Pectoral fins with large fleshy scaly base reach vertical at anal fin origin.
3 Discussion
The standard length of individual reported in the present study (385 mm) is larger than the type specimen obtained from Bay of Bengal by Alcock (1894)(129 mm), and in later studies (Nielsen, 1995, 2002; Uiblein and Nielsen, 2005).However the meristic characters fall within the range given by Nielsen (2002). Our specimen is the largest ever recorded individual of this species.
The marine environment of the north part of the Arabian Gulf and the environment of the Iraqi marine waters in particular is different from that in the remaining parts of the Gulf (Al-Yamani et al., 2004). Iraqi marine waters, where individual reported here was caught, are characterised by freshwater flux from two main sources, the Shat al-Arab River in the north east and oligihaline waters from the greater marsh area at the northwest through Khor al-Zubair, a north western extension of the Arabian Gulf. Freshwater inflow heavily decrease salinity of marine waters of Iraq (4 ‰-39 ‰) (Al-Mehdi et al., 2009) and is source of nutrients and particulate organic matter increasing productivity of the northwestern Arabian Gulf (Hussain and Ahmed, 1999).
The environment of the remaining parts of the gulf has a shallow depth and restricted water exchange, it is the characterized by extreme sea-surface temperatures (Riegl, 2001; Sheppard and Loughland, 2002), hyper-saline conditions occur year-round (Reynolds, 1993) and a moderate to low primary production found within the southern part of the gulf (Nezlin et al., 2007).
Such strong environmental gradient along the Arabian Gulf may restrict distribution of certain species that unable to adapt to wide range of salinity and temperatures. Until now the species in question is reported from the southern part of the Gulf only (Nielsen, 1995) a habitat that is very different from that of the northern part of the Arabian Gulf. The present record of N. steatiticus from the Iraqi marine waters indicating a significant range extension of its previously known distribution.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Marine Science Centre, Basrah University for giving us the opportunity to study and publish on the presence of this species.
Al-Daham N.K., 1982, Ichthyofauna of Iraq and the Arab Gulf: A check-list. Basrah Natural History Publication 4, 1-102.
Al-Hassan L.A.J., and Al-Badri M.E.H., 1986, First record of some fishes from Khor al-Zubair, Khor Abdullah and Shatt al-Arab, Basrah, Iraq. Cybium 10, 295-297.
Al-Hassan L.A.J., and Miller P.J., 1987, Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae) in the Arabian Gulf. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 33: 405-408.
Eschmeyer W.N., and Fong J.D., (eds.) 2014, Species of Fishes by family/subfamily. Electronic version (16 April. 2014).
Froese R., and Pauly Y.D., (eds.), 2014, FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.
http://www.fishbase.org, version April 2014
Hussain N.A., Naama A.K., and Al-Hassan L.A.J., 1988, Annotated check-list of the fish fauna of Khor al-Zubair, North West of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 18, 17-23.
Jawad L.A., 2012, History of the Study of the Fish Fauna of Iraq. Water Research and Management 2, 11-20
Khalaf K.T., 1961, The marine and freshwater fishes of Iraq. Al-Rabitta Press, Baghdad, pp. 164
Mahdi N., 1971, Additions to the marine fish fauna of Iraq. Iraq Natural History Museum, Special Publication 28: pp.47.
Nezlin N.P., Polikarpov I.G., and Al-Yamani F., 2007, Satellite-measured chlorophyll distribution in the Arabian Gulf: spatial, seasonal and inter-annual variability. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography2,139-156.
Nielsen J.G., 1995, A review of the species of the genus Neobythites (Pisces: Ophidiidae) from the western Indian Ocean, with descriptions of seven new species. Ichthyological Bull 2:1-19
Nielsen J.G., 2002, Revision of the Indo-Pacific species of Neobythites (Teleostei, Ophidiidae), with 15 new species. Galathea Report 19, 5-105.
Nielsen J.G., Cohen D.M. Markle D.F., and Robins C.R., 1999, Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsys 125(18):178p. Rome: FAO.
Riegl B., 2001, Inhibition of reef framework by frequent disturbance: examples from the Arabian Gulf, South Africa, and the Cayman Islands. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaoecology175,79-101.
Reynolds M.R., 1993, Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman – results from the Mt. Mitchell Expedition. Marine Pollution Bulletin27, 35-39.
Sheppard C., and Loughland R., 2002, Coral mortality and recovery in response to increasing temperature in the southern Arabian Gulf. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management5,395-402.
Uiblein F., and Nielsen J.G., 2005, Ocellus variation and possible functions in the genus Neobythites (Teleostei, Ophidiidae). Ichthyological Research 52, 364-372.
International Journal of Marine Science
• Volume 4
View Options
. PDF(1122KB)
. FPDF
. HTML
. Online fPDF
Associated material
. Readers' comments
Other articles by authors
. Laith A. Jawad
. Mustafa A. Al-Mukhtar
. Abbas J. Al-Faisal
. Tariq Hammed
Related articles
. New record
. Range extension
. Ophidiidae
. Basrah
. Arabian Gulf
Tools
. Email to a friend
. Post a comment
. PDF(1122KB)
. FPDF
. HTML
. Online fPDF
Associated material
. Readers' comments
Other articles by authors
. Laith A. Jawad
. Mustafa A. Al-Mukhtar
. Abbas J. Al-Faisal
. Tariq Hammed
Related articles
. New record
. Range extension
. Ophidiidae
. Basrah
. Arabian Gulf
Tools
. Email to a friend
. Post a comment