Yue Zhu , Xianming Li

Aquatic Biology Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China
Author    Correspondence author
International Journal of Marine Science, 2026, Vol. 16, No. 3   
Received: 02 Apr., 2026    Accepted: 05 May, 2026    Published: 18 May, 2026

This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

As an important marine aquaculture species, the health status of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is significantly influenced by various environmental factors during intensive farming. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms by which key environmental factors-such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and water quality-affect the physiological homeostasis, immune function, and disease susceptibility of turbot. The results indicate that temperature fluctuations can alter immune responses by inducing metabolic imbalances and changes in heat shock protein expression, thereby increasing susceptibility to pathogens. Salinity variations disrupt osmoregulatory systems, triggering stress responses and compromising disease resistance. Insufficient dissolved oxygen and the accumulation of ammonia-nitrogen lead to chronic stress and tissue damage, exacerbating health risks. Furthermore, environmental stressors enhance the pathogenicity of bacteria (such as *Vibrio* spp.), further promoting disease outbreaks. In high-density aquaculture systems, the coupled effects of multiple factors significantly amplify these health risks. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes strategies for environmental monitoring and integrated regulation to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stress on turbot health and to enhance the stability and productivity of aquaculture systems.

Turbot; Environmental factors; Temperature stress; Osmoregulation; Disease outbreak