2 Meterials and Methods

This quantitative and qualitative research were conducted from February 2015 - February 2016 in Gili-Trawangan, Lombok (Figure 1), by allocating 300 questionnaires to: tourists, tour-guide, travel agency, Department of culture and tourism, Hotel, restaurant, tourist bus, driver (Jenning, 2001).

Collected data was tabulated by using content analysis (Cohen, 1960; Henderson, 1991; Gottschalk, 2013), based on the concept of coastal ecotourism. Its focus on all traveling activities and enjoy the beauty of nature beach - with local cultural wisdom, coastal environments - natural visual and landscape aesthetics, enhance regional economic development, conserve resources from coastal communities, sustainable livelihoods, and trading activities of a seafood - traditional food (Boscolo et al., 2011; Virapart, 2011; Rusli et al., 2015; Picard, 2015; Chien, 2016; Whitney, 2017; Pace and Morgan, 2017).

Data collected was corroborated by using triangulation techniques. It’s amplifying an observation, open interviews, and secondary data analysis for verification (Marwick and Uniger, 1975). Interview results are strongly influenced by the situation of the interviewer, both in terms of interests, topics, or opinions or views of the respondents. In brief, the outcome of the content analysis tabulation of coastal-ecotourism explored analysis, posting each attribute, frequency counted, and discussion of existing and expected performance (Diamantis, 2000; Almeyda et al., 2010; Picard, 2015; Pace and Morgan, 2017).

3 Results and Discussion

The results of this study based on the concept of coastal ecotourism show that Gili Trawangan's current performance is in critical condition (K₁ = 0.5852) (Table 1). There are three main issues that would be settle down accordingly: sustainable livelihoods, conserve resources from coastal communities, and enhance regional economic development. After that, then needed reinforcement in three other things (Table 2): enhanced trading activities of seafood or traditional food, keep cleaning coastal environment to get natural visual and landscape aesthetics of undersea life, and develop natural beach destination with local cultural wisdom. It would improve the performance of coastal ecotourism in Gili-Trawangan (K₂=0.7037).

As we trace back to the past, about 35 years ago, Gili-Trawangan is still quiet. Not many people on this 340-hectare island. Residents who live on the island are only hundreds on the east side of the island. The inhabitants work as fishermen and farmers. Corn and cassava become the main commodities as well as the main food. For consumption purposes, they have to buy a rice from outside the island, especially Lombok Island, West Nusa-Tenggara. It is not an easy thing for the life of the people there.

As mentioned above, recent study also found several key points that undermine coastal tourism performance: a number of buildings along the coast, waste that damage coastal environments. Because it is necessary conservation of coral reefs, mangroves, seaweed beds, and turtles. In addition, fisheries and fisheries-tourism development activities have not increased significantly in the regions thus reducing employment opportunities.

Based on data from government data of Gili-Trawangan's Hamlet, there are currently around 150 licensed edifices along the coast. According to local residents, the owner of the building has no legal basis to use the beach. They use the place because they have big capital. Local people generally say that the use of coastal arrangements has actually existed for a long time. But, no one applied it. Samba Villa is one of the tourism facilities that use the beach for its restaurant. On the north side of the beach they have a restaurant right on the beach. Other buildings lined the surrounding. Manager Samba Villa and Restaurant, said construction on the beach is actually not supposed to be done. They also received warnings. But, as do hundreds of other businesses along the coast, they still use this area (Saputri, 2017).

Currently the waste generation on the island reaches 13 tons every day - about 2.3 kg per person. The Gili-Eco Trust Foundation's board outlines the results of the Waste4Change (2016) study. Approximately 92% of waste comes from tourism activities. This waste problem needs special attention. Together with the National Aquaculture Conservation Center of Kupang, WWF-Indonesia introduced the best practices of Gili-Trawangan and Signing Blue governance, a platform for the realization of responsible marine tourism practices and management (Syukur et al., 2017).

The island is still overshadowed by serious problems related to waste management and lighting installation of public facilities. The volume of garbage on the island reaches 8-10 tons every day. In that area, in that area there is no location that can be used as a temporary dump so that the pile of garbage must be taken one by one, then planted or brought to the mainland of Lombok. Through the construction of this waste treatment facility, of course the garbage problem that has occurred in this island can be overcome so that it can make this area as a comfortable tourist destination (Praditya, 2016). Village chief said that his community is restless with the accumulation of garbage and wastewater which is allegedly dumped into the sea waters by entrepreneurs because it disturbs the convenience of tourists. Although he has tried to prevent the disposal of liquid waste into the sea, but there are still many restaurants and hotel managers who throw their liquid waste carelessly into the sea. This liquid waste is very disturbing to tourists and most importantly, the liquid waste is very threatening undersea ecosystem (Ratomo, 2015; Saptohutomo, 2015).

In addition to handling waste, currently the Government of North Lombok regency is doing the arrangement of facilities and infrastructure in this island, such as revamping the dock and the art market transfer. The art market that became the center of souvenirs and culinary centers is planned to be moved to the interior of the village. The art market will be moved to local government-owned land near the field within the township. Former Head of Public Relations of North Lombok Regency Government is optimistic that the art market transfer will give wider impact to the community. With the move the art market to a new place will further revive the economy in Gili-Trawangan village. In addition, the displacement of this art market will open new jobs and increase local revenue (Ratomo, 2015; Saptohutomo, 2015).

As the development of coastal tourism in the islands, the problem of garbage is now a complicated issue. As a small island, with an area of only about 340 hectares, the carrying capacity of the environment in the beach is somewhat limited. In fact, on the other hand, garbage continues to grow. The addition of waste is in line with the continued growth of various tourist facilities such as hotels, shops, restaurants, cafes, and of course settlements. According to the Hamlet data, there are currently 442 tourism businesses on the island. The most is a cottage or home-stay as many as 157 businesses. In addition, there are 103 stores and boarding houses, 71 bungalows and small hotels, 54 middle-class hotels, 41 villas, and 13 luxury hotels, resorts and dive shops. Moreover, the jasmine hotels in the islands are 125 units with 1496 rooms and 1629 bedding facilities, while for home-stay type there are 95 rooms with 1901 rooms and 2062 bedding facilities. Total business type of hotel and lodging in the island as many as 220 units, 3,397 bedrooms, and 3,691 bed facilities (Rizky, 2016).

According to the head of the local hamlet, currently there are 500 families or around 2,000 people. The number of workers reached 2,000 people. Those who go in and out about 1,000 per day. The number of tourists averages up to 3,000 per day. The more visits, the more junk they generate. The problem is, most businesses do not have waste processing. The Waves Inn does not equally rework the garbage from their hotel. The garbage from the 12 lodges is taken directly to the trash to be transported by the janitor. At the same time, as the tourists begin to enjoy the morning shine, the janitors start his work to transport the garbage on the island. Every day, from 6.30 pm Central Indonesia time, they begin to comb the main road of this island from the south. They moved the contents of the trash can on the left side of the road to Cidomo's bath. They also wear T-shirts from t-shirts and hats, so eyes are only visible from their faces. They become a garbage man as well as coach's Cidomo, like a typical Lombok horse vehicle. They do not sort out organic and inorganic waste. Just take the plastic bottle and put it in a different bag. After the tub is full, they head to the center of the island. They passed a three-meter footpath in the island settlement. From the most crowded place on the eastern side of the island, they spur Cidomo on the concrete road before entering a dingier area with dusty roads (Septia, 2017).

Cidomo socialization activities is a continuation of the same socialization in the year 2014, which is a socialization of Cidomo Healthy Care Movement, which is facilitated by PT. Multi-Bintang, supported by the Department of Tourism and Agriculture Department of Agriculture, Plantation, Forestry and Marine of North Lombok Regency. At that time, Multi-Bintang focuses on this socialization as support to the public and the government to maintain the uniqueness of Gili-Trawangan as an eco-tourism area with the ban on the use of motor vehicles in the area. This socialization continues to be done regularly so that the coachmen increasingly understand the importance of horse health for coastal tourism. Horse as the main transportation on the island and at the same time is an effort of local communities to preserve the environment (Guswan, 2017).

In connection with the problems encountered on the island is the problem of waste, degradation of ecosystems and the presence of rare Biota such as sharks and mantas. The government together with NGO's and related institutions are trying to make awareness efforts. The existence of an aquatic conservation area is devoted to four reasons. First, protect and conserve fish resources as well as important types of ecosystems in the waters to ensure the sustainability of their ecological functions. Second, to realize the utilization of fish resources and ecosystem and environmental services in a sustainable manner. Third, preserving local wisdom in the management of fish resources in or around water conservation areas. Fourth improve the welfare of people around the conservation area (Skhafid, 2014).

Nevertheless, there are a couple of efforts from various parties to improve the quality of the coastal environment. Considering natural damage is a serious threat to coastal tourism as an impact of forest encroachment and environmental pollution. Moreover, this region is very dependent on the natural tourism sector. 50% of the island's tourist destinations are environmental issues. This coastal environment is a serious problem that must be faced by all parties. For that, at the Festival of Enchantment Gili-Indah Department of Culture and Tourism. This movement is contained by the planting of flamboyant trees by the Deputy Governor of West Nusa-Tenggara (Ili, 2016). Currently, PT Bank Mandiri Public company, provides USD 9 million to build road and waste management systems in Gili-Trawangan, West Nusa-Tenggara. Of the total assistance, USD 50,000 is allocated for street lighting on the beach, then the funds are allocated to build a sewage treatment system. Being one of the leading tourist destinations in the region.

By the time, damage to coral reefs in the tourist area, because of the rapid ships from Bali which often unleash anchored anchor in Gili-Trawangan. They bring passengers about 100-200 foreign tourists. Then they release the anchor without control, so the marine ecosystems become damaged, especially coral reefs. The Executive Director of the Forum for the Environment says that 55% of the coral reefs in the island, North Lombok, West Nusa-Tenggara, are now in severe damage. Even the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries recorded the level of coral reef damage where this goal reached 70% (Poerwanto, 2016). Besides, according to the Wildlife Conservation Society, diving tourism is a dynamic tourism activity, there is a direct or indirect relationship between the number of divers with coral damage. Increasing or decreasing the number of divers in a dive tourist area will move dynamically to follow the changes that occur in natural resources and other external factors. There is a linear relationship between the uniqueness of dive sites with the number of divers over time, this is influenced the service of tour operators to maintain customer satisfaction and keep running tourism promotion. In any case, it appears that social and ecological thresholds are critical and inter-factor linkages need to be considered in managing watershed areas to meet conservation and tourism / recreational needs. Unfortunately, carrying capacity is difficult to define critical thresholds, and has different meanings for different people.

Diving activities are increasingly popular with tourists. Moreover, many diving-points in Indonesia whose beauty is already worldwide. Unfortunately, more and more divers' can make coral reef stress. Plunging is a way for tourists to see coral reefs of various colors and sizes. The divers also increasingly forgot the land, when looking at the adorable sea fish passing around the coral reefs. Beyond that, apparently there is a negative impact of the activities. Like the enemy in the blanket, the negative impact is not much known to many travelers and managers diving-tour operators. Coral reefs are also like that which can be stressful if many divers are swimming around. For that, it is good the tour operators who offer activities in addition to making regular schedules. They should be able to make a long time lag, so that not many tourists who swim to the sea. Travelers should also be aware and they can not go around together for long periods (Farhan, 2013).

Previously, Head of Marine and Marine Affairs, Marine and Fishery of North Lombok, said there are about 15% of the 2,954 hectares of dead coral in Gili-Trawangan. Coral reefs are dominated by Acropora Suharsonoi, and Avicennia Marina. In addition, there are types Acropora Hyacinthus and Acropora Clathrata (Skhafid, 2014; Rahmi, 2015). As a note, the average growth of corals for each 25 m2 / year slowed in 21 observation sites on the island, amounting to 0.023 m2 / year or equivalent to 0.575 m2. The lowest slow-growing reefs occurred at the Corner Reef and Blue Plains observation sites of 0.002 m2 / year respectively (Susanti and Suharti, 2014).

Furthermore, observation of reef fish from the indicator fish category recorded as many as 27 species of fish “Kepe-Kepe” found in the location of observation. Types of Chaetodon Klenii, Chaetodon Baronessa, Chaetodon Trifascialis are quite dominant in observations and awards in the number of individuals on the island. Potential fish species for reef fish communities in the top 10 based on the composition of biomass are Myripristis Kuntee, Acanthurus Olivaceus, Kyphosus Cinerascens, Acanthurus Leucocheilus, Ctenochaetus Striatus, Naso Brachycentron, Mulloidichthys Flavolineatus, Neonipon Sammara, Naso Lituratus, and Lutjanus Kasmira. In addition, coral fish of the cockatoo species (Hipposcarus spp and Scarus spp) are coral gulpers. This group bites the coral surface and removes algae and other materials just a little bit of traces of tooth extraction on the coral substrate. Larger and more important types of diggers, such as Bolbometopon Muricatum, Cetoscarus sp and all types of Chlorurus spp., Are different from the scraper group, because these groups are higher and so on (Susanti and Suharti, 2014).

A sightseeing in certain areas of mangrove forest in the Island classified as less good. It’s dominated by the type of Excoecaria Agallocha and Lumnitzera Racemosa. In addition, there are two types of seagrass which has 100% Thalassia Hemrpichii and Cymodocea Rotundata. Six other seagrass species are linked to the sea-grass monitoring transect in nine stations. Two types of seagrass which have 100% are Thalassia Hemrpichii and Cymodocea Rotundata. Medium, other types only exist in some stations only. On the other hand, E. Acoroides, commonly found in various Indonesian landscapes, are rarely seen in Gili-Matra, possibly the type of sand fuels and sludge release materials, the best substrate for growth of E. Ecoroides, a factor of very low abundance.

Regarding waste management, an effort was made by local community to improve the carrying capacity of the coastal environment on the island is to waste and clean the beach. The district government of North Lombok has just put the first stone on the construction of Integrated Waste Management Site in the islands to treat liquid and solid waste. He hoped, the construction of the place if the garbage to the extent that later can settle down accumulation of garbage in the islands (Rizky, 2016).

On the other hand, a dozen foreign tourists participated clean a beach along the eastern sides. They were all in short, casual trousers. Some are bare-chested, some are singlet. Every tourist carrying burlap sacks. They picked up one by one the garbage they found on the white sand beach then put it in a gunny sack. Around them, other tourists there are fun swimming, lounging, or even sunbathing with just a bikini. Dozens of foreign tourists are cleaning the beach along about 1 km. After cleaning the beach, the volunteers did get a free beer. That's how Gili-Eco Trust invites tourists and locals to take care of the environment in Gili-Trawangan and two other islands around it, Gili-Meno and Gili-Air commonly known as Gili-Matra. Work to clean up the beach they do every Friday afternoon. The location is sedentary. In one devotional work, they get 80-120 kg of plastic waste. It is still small compared to about 12 tons - 17 tons of waste per day on the island (Marbun, 2015; Rizky, 2016).

Tourism is like two sides of a coin. It not only brings economic benefits, but also has the potential to put pressure on the quality of ecosystems, even marginalization of local communities. Signing Blue's socialization on the island is an effort to reduce the pressure on resources on the island, which are facing the issue of waste generation, spatial conflict, and tourism spatial use arrangements. The commitment of tourism actors to the improvement of coastal tourism, and verified in the application of environmentally based business (Syukur et al., 2017).

In partnership with several communities, PT Multi-Bintang also organizes Wise Waste Management to educate people how to segregate garbage and reduce plastic waste. Following the Socialization of Wise Manage Waste, as a concrete step they donate the dumpster to be spread on the island and recycled bags to reduce the use of plastic bags. This garbage can be a pilot for the community to separate garbage cans and bottles, organic waste and non-organic waste. With this waste separation is expected to reduce pollution and utilize the recyclable value of waste that can be recycled. With their socialization and the real form of a separate bin, people can start together to keep the island clean (Guswan, 2017).

Talking about the island's environment is impossible without involving Gili-Eco Trust. Non-governmental organizations with the official name of the Gili-Indah Ecosystem Foundation are always referred to as resource persons when discussing environmental conservation. Gili-Eco Trust does do various environmental conservation activities. These include protecting and rehabilitating coral reefs, preventing coastal erosion, cleaning beaches, educating and raising awareness, managing and recycling waste, providing health clinics for animals, as well as coral reef research (Marbun, 2015).

In 2004, the part-time coordinator at Gili-Eco Trust imported Biorock technology. This technology found by Wolf Hilzberg and Tom Goreau has been applied in several places including in Pemuteran, Buleleng, northern Bali. To date, there are about 140 dots around Gili-Matra that have used technology to protect and rehabilitate the coral reefs. The many points that use this Biorock technology to be Gili-Matra as the location with the largest Biorock point in the world. Since 2006, they have also held biorock workshops every two years. Their eighth workshop in November 2012 was attended by about 100 participants from various countries. They learned how to restore the coral reefs, which offer sustainable tourism concepts, including protecting coral reefs and fish. Since last year, they have also expanded its programs including managing and recycling garbage on the island. Their main activities mainly recycle and add value to new products from waste. They work with the Environmental Care Community Front who collects garbage from every hotel, restaurant, cafe, or resident's home and takes it to the final dump (Marbun, 2015; Rizky, 2016).

The Gili-Eco Trust office in the central part of the island became a kind of workshop and showroom how the agency recycles the waste. Their big project is to make the house more visible as a store. They also established Sea made, an effort to make recyclable products from trash on the island. Souvenirs such as necklaces, bracelets, ashtrays, and ornamental lampshades fill the shelves in their offices. Everything is made from garbage. The eye of a dolphin-shaped necklace, for example, is made of battered bottle shard. So it is with the ring.

Another recycling effort they have done is to create an eco-brick, a glass brick. The garbage is shredded into the sand and formed into a brick. The location of this glazed fabric is near a garbage dump. In a day they produce about 3,500 bricks. The result is then used for constructing materials such as ordinary bricks. For environmental campaign programs, they also introduce Eco-Diver, divers are concerned about the environment. Not only must it preserve the environment while diving, Eco Divers also learn to identify and identify coral reefs, create coral reefs, rehabilitate and collect coral damage data. Similar campaigns were also conducted for schoolchildren as well as local residents. Through its various programs, they continue to invite people and tourists to care and help save the environment in Gili-Matra.

In terms of turtle conservation, foreign tourists bask in the white sand of the island's three largest islands on the western side of the island of Lombok. Local tourists busy bathing on the beach, taking pictures of themselves, or just walking or cycling. Some tourists passing the east coast of the island stop at the turtle breeding ground. The location of this farm is on the beach. Therefore, tourists easily recognize the place. The turtle breeding center is an open house with thatched roof. In the building area of about 20 x 15 square meters there are three glass-walled pools. The three hatching ponds are kept from freshly hatched until they are ready to be released into the open seas. This effort is to keep the turtle population on the island (Muhajir, 2017).

Turtle breeding center on the island started from the initiative of the former head of the hamlet. He sees more turtle loss in the three islands. He then made a turtle breeding place by buying turtle eggs from fishermen and then hatching. Originally the breeding place on the beach open. However, the Garuda Indonesia airlines then help build the hall as it is today. Management of breeding center carried out independently. Many other residents who helped turtle conservation efforts. They together feed, clean the pool, and keep the breeding hall. Until the late 1990s, many turtles lay their eggs in the island. However, due to the massive development of tourism as well as fishing by fishermen, the turtles on the island are decreasing.

The turtle egg is then worn sand for about 40 days. This hatchery is in a special building with a sand floor. Ash shows his egg battered. Some have been peeled off, hatchlings have hatched. Within a month, they incubated about 350 turtle eggs. The two most common types are green turtles (Chelonia Midas) and Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys Imbricata). From egg hatcheries, poultry children are brought to processing ponds. For 6-8 months, the hatchling will be treated there. During that time the managers will take care of the dive every day. According to them, within a year they can process 1,500 tails. At the age of 6-8 months, the tortoise has just been released into the open sea. Tourists who can donate USD 20 for each sea turtle (Muhajir, 2017). Thereby, they get donations from tourists for the daily operational cost of turtle breeding center of the island. According to them, until now none of the institutions that support the conservation effort. In 2008, the Garuda Indonesia party built the breeding hall. However, at this time they never come or support again. They just built it, and after that never helped to take care of the building. The government also does not care at all. In fact, it would be nice if the government came and helped the turtle breeder management agency. In fact, to manage the breeding center, they need a day cost of about USD 20 for sea turtle feed and maintenance costs. Therefore, they have removed the donation box in the hall. However, very few visitors donate to them.

At the same location, among the three dyke, algae cover is between 54-70%, the highest is in Gili-Meno (70.8%), whereas hard coral cover is between 15-34%, the highest is in Gili-Trawangan (34.13%). Soft corals or soft corals of many of these islands (7.96%). The composition of the coral substrate is not much different from that encountered outside the Gili-Matra Aquatic Park area, which is on the north coast of Lombok Island (Skhafid, 2014).

The highest hard coral cover in Gili-Air is at the Bongkas Reef location of 41.5% and the lowest is in Batfish Point. While the highest in Gili-Trawangan is in Trawangan Slope (61.5%) and lowest in Shark Point (20%). High hard coral cover is mostly found on the location of coral reefs with high steepness. On a coral reef with a depth of 2-5 meters’ massive damage is most commonly encountered. The waters in this depth is the place where most fishery activities occur. This location is also a place that is rich in fish resources so it becomes an easy target for fishing activities using bombs. The highly unstable coral reefs due to bombing activities are very difficult to attach to coral larvae so that recruitment is difficult and substrates previously dominated by coral reefs are transformed into dominant algae.

The Wildlife Conservation Society cites one instructor in Gili-Trawangan that the high number of dive tourists at some of the favorite locations is due to the uniqueness of certain Biota that makes diving attraction, such as Sharks, Turtles, Wreck (sinking ship) and Coral Garden which impact on the high frequency Visits are as many as 3-5 times per week, and the demand of tourists. In addition, the number of tourist arrivals in August increased up to two times compared with July, it is expected that in August is one of the high season. In their study, they mentioned the carrying capacity is the ability of the area or the location of diving tourism activities to receive a number of tourists with the intensity of diving activities on coral reef ecosystems that take place continuously without destroying their habitat. The carrying capacity in this study was calculated using coral growth as a limiting factor.

To improve the carrying capacity of the environment, the Minister of Tourism supports the steps of the Regent of North Lombok who conduct the illegal building control in Gili-Trawangan Beach resort. This can be an example for areas that have beautiful beach destinations, beautiful scenery, from the edge of the road. Be never intercepted by any building. He also asserted that anything that destroys the landscape must be disciplined, because everywhere, all over the world, the beach must be unfurled. Meanwhile, from the Bureau of Antara reported that the Regent of North Lombok will conduct curb unauthorized buildings that stood in the line of the Beach.

There are 143 business properties, such as hotels and restaurants, in the tourist areas that violate the rules and do not have permission so should be dismantled. Buildings that violate the Local Regulations of North Lombok, since standing less than 30 meters from the coastline are also demolished. A total of 143 business buildings that have been standing along the coastline of the tourist area finally dismantled the owners are voluntarily assisted government officials. The demolition of the building is in accordance with the Regional Regulation and the Provincial Spatial Plan on the limits of the construction of the building may be done at a distance of 100 meters from the shoreline. It is impossible for the government to set a boundary for the construction of a building 100 m from the shore, therefore they are subject to a limit of 30 m. When referring to the minimum limit of the building from the beach as far as 100 meters, of course all the constructions both on the coastline and in front of it will be dismantled (Septia, 2017).

Meanwhile, in terms of community empowerment, along with the growing population of the island is slowly beginning to threaten the sustainability of the island. Recently, there have been efforts to maintain environmental quality by involving school children from three islands together to participate in environmental education activities. Each school includes about 20 students to participate in this activity. This activity is held with the cooperation of Gili-Indah Village Government, Wildlife Conservation Society, River National Water Conservation Center The working area of Gili-Trawangan Water Park which is one of the National Watershed Conservation Area (Iman, 2014).

To support the goal of management and utilization of fish resources and ecosystem and environmental services in a sustainable manner, it is necessary to disseminate information to the community, especially the next generation. Activities such as education and awareness about Megafauna and charismatic Biota, especially sharks and manta rays. Organizing this event is also to commemorate World Environment Day. The enthusiasm of children in the activity is very high, the children feel happy with the activity. In addition to the material in the classroom they also get material outside the classroom knowledge of turtle breeding. In the turtle breeding area they are also shown directly to the egg hatchery. To improve the spirit and enthusiasm of children in this activity is given games about environmental education and the importance of environmental protection, especially marine ecosystems. Here also do screenings of movies about sharks and mantas so they are expected to still exist Biota from extinction. Students are expected to know the various regulations related to the protection of endangered fish species. Participants are also expected to understand the importance of conserving fish resources (Skhafid, 2014).

Types of important target fish, such as Lutjanus Argentimaculatu, grouper, baronang, Lethrinus sp, thick lips, yellow tails, and E. fuscoguttatus can negatively affect the coral resilience process through arrest management, especially the use of unsustainable fishing methods. The destructive fishing methods are a negative factor for coral reefs. In contrast, community policies and initiatives on protection and conservation can be a positive factor.

4 Conclusion

The results of this study based on the concept of coastal ecotourism show that the performance of coastal ecotourism in Gili-Trawangan in critical condition. There are three main issues that should be done to improve coastal ecotourism performance in Gili-Trawangan: sustainable living patterns, conserving coastal community resources, and enhancing regional economic development. In addition, it is also necessary to increase the trading activities of seafood and traditional food, to maintain coastal environment cleanliness in order to maintain visual aesthetics and natural landscape under the sea, and adjust government policy with local cultural wisdom.

The study also found several key points that undermine coastal tourism performance: a number of buildings along the coast, waste that damage coastal environments. Because it is necessary conservation of coral reefs, mangroves, seaweed beds, and turtles. In addition, fisheries and fisheries-tourism development activities have not increased significantly in the regions thus reducing employment opportunities.

5 Implications

To address environmental concerns, the first steps needed to maintain environmental cleanliness and maintain a minimum of building sites along the coastal areas. This can control the quality of the environment to support ecotourism-coastal. In addition, it is necessary conservation of mangroves, seagrass beds, coral reefs, and marine fish. Thus, ecotourism-fishing can be used as a portfolio marine fishing tourism. It can increase the number of tourist visits and it also increases the income of the community and local government too.

Author’s contributions

The Author makes substantial contributions to conception and design, and/or acquisition of data, and/or analysis and interpretation of data. Moreover, author participates in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content. However, author gives final approval of the version to be submitted and any revised version.

Acknowledgments

On this good occasion, the author would like to say: a million thanks to anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments that greatly contribute to improving the final version of this paper. The author sincerely like to thank the Editor for their comments and their generous support during the review process and an opportunity for authors to publish research results with budget restrictions.

References

Almeyda A.M., Broadbent E.N., Wyman M.S., and Durham W.H., 2010, Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, International Journal of Tourism Research, 12: 803–819

https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.797

Attemene P., and Eguavoen I., 2017, Coastal ecotourism in the Gambia, effects of sustainability communication on environments and rural livelihoods, ZEF Working Paper, 154

Asdhiana I.M., 2017, The tourism ministry wants Lombok to be the main destination of Korean tourists, Kompas

Boscolo S., Coppa S., Falconi A., Motta E., Ferro A., and Baroni A., 2011, Safeguarding of Venice Coastal Area Through Habitat® Blocks, Journal of Coastal Research, 61: 269 – 273

https://doi.org/10.2112/SI61-001.25

Chien M.C., 2016, An empirical study on the effect of attractiveness of ecotourism destination on experiential value and revisit intention, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(2): 43-53

https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1502_043053

Cobbinah P.B., 2015, Contextualising the meaning of ecotourism, Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 179-189

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.015

Cohen J., 1960, A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, Educational and Psychological, 20: 37-46

https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104

Diamantis D., 2000, Ecotourism and sustainability in Mediterranean islands, Thunderbird International Business Review, 42: 427-443

https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6874(200007/08)42:4<427::AID-TIE5>3.0.CO;2-G

Doyon S., and Sabinot C., 2014, A new 'conservation space'? protected areas, environmental economic activities and discourses in two Yucatán biosphere reserves in Mexico, Conservation & Society, 12: 133

https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.138409

Farhan A., 2013, Coral reefs can be stressful, Detiktravelnews

Gottschalk L.A., 2013, Content analysis of verbal BEHAVIOR: new findings and clinical applications, Routledge, 19-22

Guswan, 2017, Multi Bintang supports Gili Trawangan become Indonesia's ecotourism destination, Mataramnews

Henderson K., 1991, Dimensions of choice: a qualitative approach to recreation, parks, and leisure research, Venture, State College, Australia

Ili, 2016, Natural damage NTB tourism threat, move one million trees, lombokpost.net

Iman F.A., 2014, Environmental education in three Gili, Balebengong.net

Jenning G., 2001, Tourism Research, John Willey & Sons Australia, Ltd., 136-152

Kelkit A., Celik S., and Esbah H., 2010, Ecotourism potential of Gallipoli Peninsula historical national park, Journal of Coastal Research, 26(3): 562-568

https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.138409

Krause A., and Weir E., 2011, Ecotourism: management, development and impact, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York

Lloret J., and Riera V., 2008, Evolution of a Mediterranean coastal zone: human impacts on the marine environment of Cape Creus, Environmental Management, 42: 977-988

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9196-1

PMid:18800202

Marbun J., 2015, Gili Trawangan produces 20 tons of garbage per day

Marwick D.P., and Uniger C.H., 1975, The sample survey, theory and practice, Mc Graw Hill Book Co, New York

Muhajir A., 2017, Gili Matra's Coverage: the threat of mass tourism to the environment Gili Matra, Mongabay Indonesia

Pace N.L., and Morgan N., 2017, Living shorelines: eroding regulatory barriers to coastal resilience, Natural Resources & Environment, 31(3): 44-47

Phillips M.R., 2007, Beach response to a total exclusion barrage: Cardiff Bay, South Wales, UK, Journal of Coastal Research, 23(3): 794-805

https://doi.org/10.2112/06-0746.1

Picard D., 2007, Potential and feasibilities of national and local development of coastal ecotourism, Regional Strategic Action Plan for Coastal Ecotourism Development in the South Western Indian Ocean, 10-11

Picard D., 2015, Making ecotourism sustainable: refocusing on economic viability. Lessons learnt from the “Regional strategic action plan for coastal ecotourism development in the South Western Indian Ocean”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(6): 819-837

https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1019512

Poerwanto E., 2016, The impact of tourism, coral reefs in Gili Trawangan seriously damaged, Bisniswisata

Porter B.A., Orams M.B., and Lück M., 2015, Surf-riding tourism in coastal fishing communities: A comparative case study of two projects from the Philippines, Ocean & Coastal Management, 116: 169-176

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.07.015

Praditya P.I., 2016, Bank Mandiri disbursed Rp 1.2 Trillion for Illuminating Gili Trawangan, Liputan6

Rahmi S., 2015, Conservate coral reefs for good willing goods, World in Word

Ratomo U.T., 2015, The community is lagging liquid waste in Gili Trawangan, Antaranews

Rizky D., 2016, Garbage and liquid waste so threats in Gili Trawangan, KBR

Rusli Santosa H.R., and Soemarno I., 2015, Coastal ecotourism-based development for fishermen settlement in Labuan Bajo, Donggala, Central Sulawesi, International Journal of Development Research, 5(08): 5215-5221

Saptohutomo A.P., 2015, Gili Trawangan waters contaminated restaurant and hotel waste

Sakata H., and Prideaux B., 2013, An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: a bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21: 880-899

https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.756493

Saputri M., 2017, Minister of tourism supports control of wild buildings in Gili Trawangan

Septia K., 2017, 143 buildings along Gili Trawangan Beach uncovered

Skhafid, 2014, Park tourism Gili Matra, potency and problem (3)

Susanti R., and Suharti, 2014, Baseline health survey of coral reefs and related ecosystems at Gili Matra Marine Park

Syukur A.G., Aminuddin I., and Sarwan T., 2017, Gili Trawangan improve tourism governance with blue signing

Virapart C., 2011, Tsunami prevention and preparedness practices for tourism sector and private entrepreneur in Khao Lak, Phang Nga Province of Thailand Journal of Coastal Research, 61: 365-368

https://doi.org/10.2112/SI61-001.40

Whitney M., 2017, Environmentally friendly industries: an examination of ecotourism as the solution to the environmental degradation caused by the international tourism industry, Honors Theses, Charlotte Campus, 4

Yum, 2017, Gili Trawangan, Khabari